Tamil Epigraphy – Tamil numbers

January 15, 2012

தமிழ் கல்வெட்டியல்

கடந்த சில வாரங்களாக திரு.இராமசந்திரன் அவர்களிடம் கல்வெட்டியல் பயின்று வருகின்றேன். இந்த வகுப்பு ரீச் (http://conserveheritage.org/) மூலம் நடத்தப்படுகின்றது. நான் கற்றவற்றை என் பதிவின் மூலம் பகிர்ந்து கொள்ள முனைகிறேன்.
1.எண்கள்

தற்காலத்தில் நாம் எண்களை இந்தோ-அரேபிய முறையில் எழுதுகிறாம். ஆணால் 19ம் நூற்றாண்டு வரை தமிழில் எண்களை எழுதிய முறை வேறு. மொத்தம் 13 வகையான குறியீடுகளை கொண்டு எண்கள் (முழு) குறிக்கப்பட்டன. அவையாவன:

தற்கால எண் தமிழ் முறை யுனிகோட் குறியீடு
1 &#3047
2 &#3048
3 &#3049
4 &#3050
5 &#3051
6 &#3052
7 &#3053
8 &#3054
9 &#3055
10 &#3056
100 &#3057
1000 &#3058

பூஜ்யத்திற்கு என்று தனி குறியீடு எதுவும் இல்லை. பிறகு எண்களை எப்படி எழுதுவது? சில எடுத்துக்காட்டுகள் மூலம் காண்போம்.

5= -ஐந்து

15= ௰௫ -பத்து + ஐந்து

25=௨௰௫ -இரண்டு பத்து + ஐந்து

இம் முறை கிட்டத்தட்ட சொல்லால் எழுதுவது போல் உள்ளது. பத்தின் அடுக்குகளாக (10,100,1000) வரும் போது அதற்குரிய குறியாக மாற்ற வேண்டும்
கணித பாடத்தில் வரும் இருபடி சமன்பாடு (Quadratic Equation – ax^2+bx+c) நினைவூட்டிக்கொண்டால் எளிதாக இருக்கும்.

தற்கால முறைக்கு பழகியநாம் பழைய முறையில் மாற்ற கிழ் கண்ட படிகளை கையாளலாம்

1.எண்களை முதலில் பத்தின் அடுக்காக மாற்றிக்கொள்ள வேண்டும்.

2356 = 2×1000+3×100+5×10+6

2050 = 2×1000+0×100+5×10+0

2150 = 2×1000+1×100+5×10+0

2.ஒவ்வொரு எண்ணுக்கு பதிலாக அதற்குறிய குறியை குறிக்கவும்.

2356 = x + x + x +

கெழு/குணகம்(co-efficient) பூஜ்யமாணால் அதை விட்டு விட வேண்டும்

2050 = x + – - + x + -

கெழு/குணகம்(co-efficient) ஒன்றானால் பத்தின் அடுக்குகள் (10,100,1000) மட்டும் குறித்தால் போதும்.

2356 = x + x + x +

3.பிறகு சேர்த்து எழுதவும்

2356 = ௨௲௩௱௫௰௬

2050 = ௨௲ ௫ ௰

2356 = ௨௲ ௩ ௱௫௰௬

9999 வரை எளிதாக எழுதிவிடலாம். ஆயிரத்திற்க்கு மேல் எண்களை ஆயிரத்தின் அடுக்குகளாக எழுத வேண்டும்.

ஓர் எடுத்துக்காட்டின் மூலம் காண்போம்

12356= ௰௨௲௩௱௫௰௬

12356 = (12 x1000) + 3×100 + 5×10 +6

= ((10+2)x1000) + 3×100 + 5×10 +6

= ௰௨௲௩௱௫௰௬

எளிதாக மாற்ற ஓர் சிறிய மென்பொருளை எழுதியுள்ளேன். அதை பெற இங்கே சொடுக்கவும்


Indian Inscriptions and Eclipses lecture by Prof.Subbarayappa

December 28, 2011

I was fortunate to attend the Prof.K.V.Sarma Endowment lecture  by Prof.B.V.Subbarayappa in Orient Research Institute ,Univerity of Madras.  The topic was ‘Indian Inscriptions and Eclipses’. It was well formatted and excellently delivered lecture.

A study was conducted under TIFR Achaeo Astro project about  eclipses in Indian inscription  was done. The highlights from his talk

1. Rig veda mentions about eclipse

2.Panchavimsa brahmanas mentions eclipse

3.Ramayana mentions

4.Mahabarata has reference to two eclipses in the same month  – one solar and one lunar

Aryabhatta deals with eclipses, however it was Varahamihira who gives full explanation about eclipses.

Generally there was not superstitious ideas in Indian Astronomical texts about eclipses, on the contrary it was call Punya Kala and donations were done.

Earliest inscription is a pallava copper plate grant belonging to 440CE.

An inscription(copper plate) date Kalachuri era 880 (1128 CE)  is very interesting. Astronmer Padmanabha was granted a village by King Ratnadeva for correctly predicting the occurrence of eclipse.

Several astronomers over a period of 6 centuries have written about astronomy and eclipse. Surprisingly all the texts deal the subject in the same methodology, indicating specific schools for training in astronomy (these astronomers were from different parts of our country)

They study was conducted on about 22000 inscriptions – about 12000 sanskrit, rest Kannada and Telugu. Tamil inscriptions about 33000 are not yet studied. The study reveals

1.  Reference starts from Gupta period

2.  1400 inscriptions refer to eclipses

3. 81 duplicates/triplicate (i.e two inscriptions refer to same eclipse but by different donor/place)

4. One eclipse in 1054 CE is mentioned in 5 inscriptions (again different donor/place)

5. 1324 Unique eclipses – 736 lunar rest solar

6. 195 difficult to get exact date

7. 830 exactly matches with date arrived at using modern calculation

8. 246 of them could not get exact date due to various reason

In his opinion no other culture has kept recording for such a long period.

But surprisingly the supernova occurred during 1054CE is not mentioned in any inscription or text. Chineese and Arabs have recorded it.

On the whole it was a fantastic lecture.


Nedungunam – Yoga Ramar Temple

December 23, 2011

Recently I had a chance to visit Sethupattu (Chetpet) in Vandavasi-Polur belt. I had time for only one temple visit. I chose to visit Nedungunam where a rare temple of Rama is located.   How did I know about this temple ?  Whenever I am visiting any place I normally go through this excellent blog – Raju’s Temples Visits to know about nearby temples. The details of Nedungunam temple can be seen here.

The temple is magnificent with two gopuras. It should be Vijayanagar or Post Vijaynagar period one, I am not very sure. When I visited around (5pm) it was empty. The Sanctum Sanctorum was closed. Fortunately the main deity can be seen through the grill door.s It is really rare with Rama sitting in meditative posture. Here are some pictures

View from road


Sugreeswarar temple – Tirupur

August 31, 2011

This temple is about  8 kilometers from Tirupur in a small village called Sarcar Periyapalayam (S.Periapalayam). This is an ASI maintained temple. The temple has a lot of open space The vimanas (sudhai) seems to be have been recently restored. Very few people visit the temple. It is maintained very well.  The main entrance is facing south. The main deity is Siva called Sugreeswarar (Sukreeswarar). Ambal is called Avudainayaki ( Aavudainayaki). As per thalapuranam Sugreeva worshipped here and hence the name Sugreeswarar.

Sugreeswarar - Entrance

The compound wall is tall and recently rebuilt. There is a big Arasamaram (fig tree) before the entrance providing a good ambiance. As we enter Vinkayar sannidhi is the first one. Next is Amman and Siva.

The main deity Sugreeswarar in the form of a linga is facing east. There are two entrances to this shrine facing south and east. Surprisingly only southern side has stone steps. The eastern side doesn’t have any original structure. It has only a recently built iron grilled steps. Since the shrine is about 4 feet above ground we can conclude that eastern entrance was not used by devotees in earlier time (sorry for the poor photography).

Soutern Entrance with regular steps

The garbhagraha is wide and well-lit so that we can have nice darshan. On the beams we can see images of Sugreeva and Airavatham doing pooja to the lord.

Airavatham and Sugreeva Worshipping

The Lord has two Nandis in front of him. As per thalapurana Nandi used become a live bull in the night and graze crops near the temple. An angry farmer cut off the ear during one night so that he can identify the bull later in the morning. None of the bulls in the village had cut off ears. But the villagers found the right ear of the nandi broken and blood oozing. The villager repented and removed the broken one and replaced with newer one. The older one was kept aside. However, to the surprise of the villagers, the next day original nandi was back in its position. The villagers decided to leave it in its place.

The Nandi nearer the lord is older and has damaged ear. Whatever may be purana, to me it appears they tried to replace the damaged one, but for some reason they could not remove older one and left it as it is.

Two Nandhis - The right ear damaged in the first

The other side of Nandis

On the outer walls of this shrine there a few beautifully carved images.. The designs on walls are simple and beautiful, especially the window with canopy . The interior of the canopy is carved like the interiors of a hut/tiled house.

The main shrine - view from back

Simple and nice designs

Dakshinamoorthi

Canopy

Design above Dakshinamoorthy

Peacock doing pooja

A closer look a canopy

An ornamental pillar

There are several inscriptions especially on the northern side. As a novice I feel they may belong to very later period – may be 17th or 18th century.

Inscriptions

A wall full of inscriptions

Inscriptions - Kannada or Telugu?

Many inscriptions are in a damaged condition. The layers are getting peeled off from the slabs. Was sand blasting done? If so will it be the cause for this? Experts please answer.

Inscriptions - peeling off

Inscriptions peeling off

Designs - peeling off

The stones are not black but slightly bright. When I went it was about 6pm. Under the evening sun the temple looked golden – an wonderful sight.

Golden glow - Temple in the evening sun

Unashamed self publicity - its me - in golden light?

Golden inscriptions?

The Ambal – Avudainayaki is very beautiful. Surprisingly the sannidhi is on the right side of the lord, which I am told is rare. Another surprise is Nandi in front of Amman also. This sannidhi seems to be later addition.

Ambal Sannidhi - flat roof

Ambal with nandi in front

There several old sculptures probably retrieved in and around the temple kept inside this sannidhi most likely by ASI. Clearly they should be very old. Most of them are damaged. However even in such condition they are beautiful especially Vishnu.

Old images

Ganesha

Vishnu?

There are several smaller shrines like Vayu Lingam, Kubera lingam, Durga, Surya, Kala Bairavar and Bhadrakali.

Bhadrakali

Surya

The thalavirutcham seems to be Vilva (There was no board, just my guess). The tree seems to be really very old.

Sthalavritcham? - Bilva/Vilva

On the whole it is a fantastic temple, plain,simple, least crowded and well maintained. Unfortunately or fortunately many people in Tirupur seems to be unaware of it. I have to thank Prof.V.P.Parthasarathy, HOD IT and Shri.Rajaraman Sysadmin of Angel College of Engg and Technology, Tiruppur for helping and accompanying me to have the darshan of the lord.

Few more photographs

View from East

Spacious and clean


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